A necessary quality adjective. Qualitative and relative adjectives. Classification of adjectives

1. Adjective- an independent part of speech that denotes a feature of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?

Basic features of an adjective

A) General grammatical meaning	Examples
This is the value of the item attribute:
color;	Blue, light blue, lilac.
taste, smell;	Sweet, fragrant, spicy.
grade;	Good bad.
character;	Kind, modest, funny.
mental and speech activity.	Smart, stupid, talkative.
B) Morphological characteristics	Examples
The same as for a noun - gender, number, case. But unlike nouns, adjectives change by gender, number, and case, and gender differences are observed in adjectives only in the singular form. This is due to the fact that adjectives serve and explain nouns: adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case.	Wed: blue carpet, blue ribbon, blue saucer - blue carpets, blue ribbons, blue saucers.
B) Syntactic features	Examples
In a sentence, adjectives are usually modifiers or the nominal part of the predicate.	Wed: The cheerful clown made the kids laugh; The clown was funny.
Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case.	Wed: The cheerful clown made the kids laugh; A funny joke made the guys laugh.
Adjectives can be extended by nouns and adverbs, forming phrases with them.	Wed: weak from illness, very weak.

2. Based on the nature of their lexical meaning, adjectives are divided into three categories:

A) quality;
B) relative;
B) possessive.

A) Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote various qualities of an object:

size: big, large, small;

age: old, young;

color: Red Blue;

weight: light heavy;

appearance: handsome, slender;

personal traits: smart, strict, lazy.

Characteristic grammatical and word-formation features qualitative adjectives are:

the presence of degrees of comparison;

Big bigger Biggest; smart - smarter, smartest.

availability of full and short forms;

Strict is strict, old is old.

ability to combine with adverbs of degree;

Very strict, very big, very smart.

form adverbs with the suffixes -o, -e, -i.

Clever → clever, brilliant → brilliant, brutal → brutal.

However, not all qualitative adjectives have these features:

There are no degrees of comparison for adjectives like barefoot, oblique, blind, lame, dead, married, because they express absolute qualities, that is, qualities that cannot be compared (one cannot be dead to a greater or lesser extent; one cannot be married to a greater or lesser extent);

There is no short form for adjectives like business, friendly, comic, since they are relative in origin;

There are no degrees of comparison for relative or possessive adjectives in a qualitative sense.

Wed: a gold bracelet(relative adjective) - golden character(qualitative meaning); Fox's tail(possessive adjective) - this person has a fox character / a fox smile(qualitative meaning).

They indicate signs not directly, but through their relationship to:

These signs cannot appear to a greater or lesser extent.

Relative adjectives are synonymous with case or prepositional case forms of nouns.

Wed: iron hoop - a hoop made of iron; Volga bank - the bank of the Volga; sports shoes - shoes for sports.

B) Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives denote the characteristics of an object according to its belonging to a person or animal.

Father's jacket, mother's scarf, fox tail, wolf trail.

These adjectives answer the question whose? whose? whose? whose? An object cannot have such characteristics to a greater or lesser extent.

Possessive adjectives have suffixes:

In/-yn: mother, chicken, sister;

Ov/-ev: fathers, grandfathers;

Ий/-j- : bearish - bearish[j] his.

Note!

1) Possessive adjectives with suffixes -in/yn, -ov/-ev, -iy/-j- in the singular form of the nominative case in the masculine gender usually have a zero ending, and in the feminine and neuter genders they have the same endings as nouns.

Wed: bearish□ , bearish , bearish.

2) When adjectives are used, their meaning may change. Thus, relative adjectives can become qualitative.

Wed: lilac branch- relative adjective; lilac dress- qualitative adjective.

Possessive adjectives can become relative and qualitative.

Wed: bear trail(the trail belongs to the bear) - possessive adjective; bear coat(the fur coat is made from the skin of a bear, and does not belong to the bear) - relative adjective; bear walk(gait like a bear) is a qualitative adjective.

Exercise for the topic “3.3.1. The concept of an adjective. Morphological features of adjectives. Classes of adjectives"

What makes a person’s speech (whether written or oral) most understandable? Without what would she be poor and expressionless? Of course, without adjectives. For example, if you read the word “forest” in the text without definitions, you will never understand which one is meant. After all, it can be coniferous, deciduous or mixed, winter, spring, summer or autumn. The Russian language is great. The qualitative adjective is a direct confirmation of this. In order to vividly and accurately present any picture, we need this wonderful part of speech.

Meaning and main features

An adjective is a name indicating the attribute of an object, that is, its properties that contain characteristics of quality, quantity, belonging. For example, they give a definition by color, taste, smell; indicate an assessment of a phenomenon, its nature, etc. Usually questions are asked to it: what (th, -th)? what is (-a, -o)? whose(s)? This is a significant (independent) part of speech.

The grammatical ones include:

variability by gender (for example, red - masculine, yellow - feminine, green - neuter);
declension by cases (let's check: nominative - sandy, genitive - iron, dative - morning; instrumental - evening; prepositional - about night);
the possibility of a short form and degree of comparison (qualitative adjectives);
changeability by numbers (for example, blue is singular, blue is plural).

Syntactic role

The most common position for an adjective in a sentence is the modifier. It most often depends on a noun and is completely consistent with it. Consider the sentence: Deep footprints were visible in the snow. The tracks (what?) are deep. An adjective is a modifier that depends on the subject expressed by the noun. Graphically indicated
Ability allows an adjective to be the main member of a sentence - the subject. ( For example: The patient was admitted to the hospital in serious condition.)
Quite often, what adjectives are found as part of the predicate in the form of a nominal part? Quality in short form. ( Compare: He was weak from illness. - The boy was weak. In the first case, the main member is a verb, in the second - an adjective in a compound nominal predicate.)

Adjectives: qualitative, relative, possessive

This part of speech has three categories, differing in both form and meaning. Let's look at all their features for comparison in the table.

Quality

Relative

Possessives

This feature of an object has varying degrees of manifestation in it. One may be redder or whiter, while the other may be smaller or larger.

Only they can form phrases with such adverbs as “not enough” and “extremely”, “very” and “extraordinarily”, “too”.

Capable of having a short form: strong, invincible, glorious.

Only qualitative adjectives can form degrees of comparison. Examples: sweeter, kindest, tallest.

They can be used to form complex words by repetition: cute-darling, blue-blue.

The attribute they denote does not contain a greater or lesser degree, like qualitative adjectives. Examples: one nail cannot be more iron than another, and there is no such thing as the greatest clay pot in the world.

They indicate the material from which the object is made or composed: a wooden floor, a sandy beach, gold jewelry.

Show location or proximity to something: sea region.

Evidence of time: February snowstorms, evening promenade, the year before last.

The quantity is determined: a three-year-old child, a one and a half meter pointer.

The purpose of the item is revealed: a sewing machine, a regular bus, a loading platform.

They do not have a short form or degrees of comparison.

They indicate that this item belongs to someone or something. If the tail is a fox, then it is a fox, the hat could be grandma's or dad's.

The main distinguishing feature is the question “whose”?

Quality varies

It is worthwhile to dwell in some more detail on the most flexible definitions in use and word formation, which are known as quality adjectives. Examples of their meanings are incredibly varied. They may indicate:

on the shape of the object: multifaceted, round, angular;
its size: tall, wide, huge;
color: orange, dark green, purple;
smell: stinking, fragrant, odorous;
temperature: cold, lukewarm, hot;
sound level and characteristics: quiet, loud, booming;
overall rating: necessary, useful, unimportant.

Additional exclusivity

There are also distinctive features that you need to know so as not to confuse qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives with each other. So, the first of them have the following features:

the formation of new words using the prefix “not”: a sad person, an expensive product; or diminutive suffixes: gray - gray - grayish;
the ability to select synonyms: cheerful - joyful; bright - brilliant; antonyms: cold - hot, evil - kind;
adverbs ending in -o, -e originate from qualitative adjectives: white - white, gentle - tenderly.

More about degrees of comparison

They also only have qualitative adjectives. Examples of the formation of a simple comparative degree: more visible, darker, longer. The compound comparative degree is a phrase: “less” or “more” is added to the adjective: less hard, softer.

The superlative degree is called that because it indicates the predominance of a characteristic in one object over other similar ones. It can be simple: it is formed using the suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-. For example: the most faithful, the lowest. And compound: the adjective is used in combination with the word “most”: the most wonderful, the deepest.

Can adjectives change their category?

And again it is worth remembering the broad capabilities of the Russian language. Everything is possible in it. Therefore, it is not surprising that qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives in a certain context change their meaning according to category.

For example, in the phrase “glass beads” everyone understands that we are talking about beads made of glass. But “glass arguments” are already a metaphor, these are completely fragile, fragile arguments. We can conclude: the relative adjective (first example) has turned into a qualitative adjective (second example).

If you compare the expressions “fox hole” and “fox character”, you can see how the belonging of animal housing turns into the quality of human nature, which means that the possessive adjective has become qualitative.

Let’s take two more phrases as an example: “hare’s trail” and “hare’s hat.” The prints of the animal are not at all the same as the headdress made from it. As you can see, a possessive adjective can turn into a relative adjective.

In the section on the question People Urgent:. HOW TO DEFINE QUALITATIVE, RELATIVE AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE??? given by the author Caucasian the best answer is

Qualitative adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (large), shape (round), color (blue), physical characteristics (cold), as well as the tendency of the object to perform an action (chatty).
Relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object through the relationship of this object to another object (book), action (reading) or another attribute (yesterday). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs; the most common suffixes of relative adjectives are the suffixes -n- (forest-n-oy), -ov- (ezh-ov-y), -in- (topol-in-y), -sk- (warehouse-sk-oh) , -l- (run-l-y).
Possessive adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and is formed from nouns with the suffixes -in- (mam-in), -ov- (fathers), -ii- (fox-ii). These suffixes appear at the end of the adjective stem (cf. the possessive adjective fathers-ov and the relative adjective fathers-ov-sk-ii).

Answer from Hopeless[active]

Answer from Beken Batyrgireev[newbie]
can you help? something

Answer from Mm[newbie]

1) have cr. shape;

4) there is a degree of comparison;

denoting
1) place, time
2) action
3) purpose
4)material

or
husband. the genus has no ending.

Answer from dry up[newbie]
you take your head and textbook, read the sentence, hit the wall with all your might, and so on..

Answer from ? ? ? [active]
1. Quality - handsome, thin, tall, cute, etc.
Relative - brick, red, urban, etc.
Possessive - mother's, fox's, grandmother's, sisters, etc.

Answer from Dashulya Demenkova[newbie]
The qualitative adjective denotes the quality of an object, i.e., a feature that an object may have to a greater or lesser extent: strong - stronger, very strong; tasty – more tasty, very tasty; beautiful - more beautiful, very beautiful.
Relative adjective The adjective indicates the connection of an object with another object, from the name of which this adjective is derived. In particular, the relative adjective indicates the material from which the object is made: china, iron bed; for the purpose of the subject: merchant fleet, receipt and expenditure book; on the relationship of an object to a place, time: morning exercises, a winter day, the local climate. Relative adjectives are mostly formed from the roots of nouns: iron - iron, book - book, morning - morning.
A special case of relative adjectives are possessive adjectives.
Possessive adjectives indicate that a given object belongs to another object (person): uncle’s table, sister’s book, bear’s den.

Answer from Christina Verkhusha[newbie]
iiiiiiiiiiiiiii....

Answer from Danil Mikheev[newbie]

And by the way, I'm a plagiarist.

Answer from Maria Isaeva[newbie]
Classes of adjectives by meaning
There are three categories of adjectives according to their meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.

Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels:
1) only qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;
2) qualitative adjectives can have antonyms (deep - shallow);
3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;
4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (strictness) and adverbs ending in -o (strictly-o), as well as adjectives with a suffix of subjective assessment (sin-enk-y, evil-yush-y);
5) only qualitative adjectives have a full/short form and degrees of comparison;
6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very large, but not *very reading).

Answer from Mishanya Strausov[newbie]
Classes of adjectives by meaning
There are three categories of adjectives according to their meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.
Qualitative adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (large), shape (round), color (blue), physical characteristics (cold), as well as the tendency of the object to perform an action (chatty).
Relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object through the relationship of this object to another object (book), action (reading) or another attribute (yesterday). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs; the most common suffixes of relative adjectives are the suffixes -n- (forest-n-oy), -ov- (ezh-ov-y), -in- (topol-in-y), -sk- (warehouse-sk-oh) , -l- (run-l-y).
Possessive adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and is formed from nouns with the suffixes -in- (mam-in), -ov- (fathers), -ii- (fox-ii). These suffixes appear at the end of the adjective stem (cf. the possessive adjective fathers-ov and the relative adjective fathers-ov-sk-ii).
Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels:
1) only qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;
2) qualitative adjectives can have antonyms (deep - shallow);
3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;
4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (strictness) and adverbs ending in -o (strictly-o), as well as adjectives with a suffix of subjective assessment (sin-enk-y, evil-yush-y);
5) only qualitative adjectives have a full/short form and degrees of comparison;
6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very large, but not *very reading).

Answer from Marina Saf[guru]
We open the textbook and teach ourselves. Then we will remember it for the rest of our lives. this is useful not only in the field of the native language))

Answer from ***Love** *[newbie]
and if it doesn't help

Answer from Galina Redozubova[newbie]
Hi, how are you

Answer from Danil Milyaev[newbie]

evil-evil-evil--the most evil

Answer from Denis Banquetov[active]
in uch postyr

Answer from Sandra Hasvik[active]
open the textbook and teach yourself. Then we will remember it for the rest of our lives. this is useful not only in the field of the native language))

Answer from Oleksandr Khersonyuk[newbie]
hard endless fruitless work

Answer from Oberto Travaltan[newbie]
Need to learn

Answer from Ruslana Chudakova[newbie]
Qualitative denotes the characteristics of an object: color, taste, height, etc. BEAUTIFUL, SMALL, GREEN, SOFT, THIN...
Relative ones indicate a characteristic based on the material from which the object is made, and also indicate characteristics based on time, place, and purpose. BRICK building, MOSCOW streets, BOOK closet, AUTUMN DAY.. .
The possessive denotes the attribute of an object by its belonging to a person or animal. FATHERS' house, NATASHA'S doll, DOG HOUSE...
There are three moods: indicative, imperative, conditional.
I read, read, would read.
quality adjectives are those that (at least 3 out of 5)
1) have cr. shape;
2) can form a complex adjective through repetition;
3) can be used with the prefix -NOT-;
4) there is a degree of comparison;
5) can be combined with the words VERY, EXTREMELY, TOO.
Relative adjectives are
denoting
1) place, time
2) action
3) purpose
4)material
Possessive adjectives are
adj. + suffix ov, ev, in, yn, ii
or
husband. the genus has no ending.
I am writing briefly, BUT understandably.
Qualitative adjectives: beautiful - more beautiful
smart - smarter - smartest - smartest
evil-evil-evil--the most evil
kind-kinder-the kindest-the kindest
cold-colder--coldest-coldest
----These adjectives are called. QUALITATIVE, because degrees of comparison can be formed from them
Lunar, golden, wooden, steel, cosmic, etc. - degrees of comparison cannot be formed from them (it cannot be “goldier”, “woodier”, “steelier”, “cosmic”) - such adjectives are called. RELATIVE.
3rd category - possessive adjectives, they denote belonging and answer the questions: whose? whose? whose? whose? : mother’s (whose?) bag, bear’s (whose?) den, bird’s (whose?) nest, father’s (whose?) briefcase.
whatever you want to ask - write, I will answer

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hello! Here are more topics with the answers you need:

Adjective on Wikipedia
Adjective

Ion semiconductor sequencing on Wikipedia
Look at the Wikipedia article about Ion semiconductor sequencing

Famous linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality And relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. In Russian, middle school students already learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.

As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions Which? which? which? which?

Which? –small yard, school teacher, bear claw.

Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.

Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.

Which? – polite students, regional competitions, bunny ears.

Each row contains examples qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As has already become clear, simply asking a question about an adjective will not give a result; the category cannot be determined in this way.

Grammar and semantics(meaning of the word). Let's consider each category of adjectives by meaning .

Qualitative adjectives

It’s already clear from the name what these adjectives mean. quality of the item. What kind of quality could this be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics of living things (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial features (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animate object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.

Also, most (but not all!) qualitative adjectives have a whole range of grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some attribute is suitable for this adjective - you have a quality adjective. So:

1) Qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the ability to form degrees of comparison.

Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – the most interesting.

2) Form short forms. Long is long, short is small.

3) Combine with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.

4) From qualitative adjectives you can form adverbs on -o(s) And nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -izn-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blue, blue - blue, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.

5) You can also form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: angry - angry, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.

6) Can have antonyms: big - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.

As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives have no degrees of comparison, some abstract nouns do not form, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit according to other criteria.

For example, adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but it means color = quality of item, - that means it quality.

Or adjective beautiful. You can't tell very beautiful, but you can form an adverb Wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.

Relative adjectives

Designate a sign through an attitude towards an object. What kind of relationship could this be - signs? Material, from which the item is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone basement - stone basement, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal is a scandal that happened today; intercity bus – a bus between cities; Moscow region – Moscow region); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's store - store for children) and etc.

Signs of this and not temporary, but permanent, That's why Relative adjectives do not have all the features inherent in qualitative adjectives. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(not to say that this house is wooden, and that one is more wooden), cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.

But phrases with relative adjectives can be transform, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - village resident, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.

We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. We’ll talk about possessive adjectives and some pitfalls in the next article.

Good luck in learning Russian!

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You probably already remember that according to their meaning, adjectives are divided into quality(indicate the quality of the item), relative(denote the attribute of an object in relation to another object) and possessive. We will talk about possessive adjectives in more detail.

These adjectives, unlike qualitative and relative ones, answer not the question what?, but the question whose? They're called possessive, because their main purpose is indicate belonging to a person, animal or animate being. Therefore, they are formed only from the names of animals, persons and other animate beings. For example, mutton, fox, Anin, mother's, foreman, grandfather's etc. According to grammatical features, possessive adjectives closer to relative because they have no degrees of comparison(can't be this item is my mother’s, and that one is even more my mother’s), short forms, They do not form adverbs and abstract nouns etc. However, they have their own characteristics: special suffixes and a special system of declensions.

Possessive adjectives are formed, as mentioned above, from the names of animals, persons and other animate beings using suffixes -ov (-ev), -in (-yn), -iy.

Fathers' house, elders' staff, nanny's scarf, sister's order, fox's tail.

It should also be noted here that these adjectives have null ending. Try not to confuse, for example, adjectives like blue And wolfish

Blue – qualitative adjective, non-derivative (not formed from anything), without suffixes, ending -y.

Wolf – possessive adjective, derivative (derived from the noun wolf using a suffix -th ), null ending.

Pairs of adjectives such as worker and carpenter, red and bear, distant and shark. Worker, red and distant have ending-yy, A carpenter, bear and shark have null ending And suffix-yy, because they are possessive and derivative.

Therefore, you should be careful when analyzing adjectives by composition and take into account the rank of the adjective by meaning.

Now let's move on to traps, which adjectives prepare for us. Although there is a rather sharp boundary between the categories of adjectives ative adjectives both grammatically and lexically, however, it happens that some possessive adjectives camouflage under qualitative and even relative, and relative under qualitative. All in all, Many adjectives want to move into the category of quality. How does this happen and how not to get confused when determining the category?

Remember that the rank of an adjective by meaning can only be accurately determined in context, i.e. in a phrase or in a sentence.

For example, cherry compote – compote of cherries. Having made the transformation, we understand what is in front of us relative adjectivenew, because denotes what the compote is made from. But in the phrase cherry suit adjective cherry no longer means that the suit is made of cherries, it means the color of the suit, and color is a quality characteristic, i.e. in this context the adjective becomes high quality.

Let's take a few more examples.

Iron constructor– constructor made of iron ( relative adjective)
Iron will– strong will ( quality adjective)
Iron health- good health ( quality adjective)

Steel knife– steel knife ( relative adjective)
Steel color dress (quality adjective)
Steely gaze– unfriendly, cold, hard ( quality adjective)

Bear fur– wool that belongs to a bear ( possessive adjective)
The owner's bear coat– bear fur coat ( relative adjective)
Bear walk– clumsy, awkward, shambling ( quality adjective)

Fox face- a muzzle that belongs to a fox ( possessive adjective)
Fox hat- fox hat ( relative adjective)
Fox trick– very developed cunning ( quality adjective)

Thus we see that the same adjective can take on different meanings. However grammatical characteristics remain unchanged: Neither possessive nor relative adjectives will acquire degrees of comparison, short forms and other distinctive features of qualitative adjectives.

Let's summarize.

To determine the category of an adjective, you need:

1) See, the adjective is used in direct or figurative meaning. If the meaning is figurative, it is qualitative adjective.

2) If the value is direct, ask two questions: Which? whose? If this adjective indicates belonging, in front of us - possessive adjective.

3) Try to substitute adverb of measure and degree (very) or form degrees of comparison. If it works - qualitative adjective.

4) Try it convert combination with an adjective into a prepositional-case phrase. Happened - relative adjective.

And remember that The main thing is still the lexical meaning, not the grammar. Grammar just helps us.

Good luck in learning Russian and excellent grades!

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