What does the seaside copperhead look like? Far Eastern copperhead. Reproduction of eastern cottonmouths

Cottonmouth - the most common species of snake from the entire family of vipers. The name reflects the main feature of the appearance - noticeable shields on the top of the head. Poisonous and moderately dangerous.

Features and habitat of the copperhead

To know common copperhead You can see how dangerous a reptile is by its eyes: narrow vertical pupils, they betray the poisonousness of reptiles. Round pupils indicate that there is no great danger, although all snakes bite painfully.

The size of the copperhead is average: the body reaches 700 mm, the tail is just over 100 mm. Scales in 23 rows are placed on the snake's body. The overall shape of the snake appears slightly flattened, especially when viewed from above.

The wide spotted head has a noticeable neck line. The lower part of the muzzle is slightly elevated. Under the eyes of the snake there is a hole in the form of a small dimple, which performs a special function of trapping thermal radiation.

This is a specialized organ, unlike the standard ones. A dark stripe, like a snake’s, runs from the eyes from top to bottom to the mouth. The color on top is dark brown or brown, broken up by light zigzag stripes; the belly is always lighter, yellow-grayish in color with small dark dots.

Occasionally, individuals come across a monochromatic, almost black or brick color. Habitat of the common species, or Cottonmouth Pallas, as the reptile is otherwise called, is quite wide: from the shores of the Caspian Sea to the territory of the Far East.

Found in Mongolia, the Korean Peninsula, China, and Northern Iran. The copperhead is not afraid of landscape diversity: steppes, green meadows, pastures and river banks, lakes and foothills of the Alps - regions at an altitude of up to 3500 m above sea level. In Russia the largest number Cottonmouth snakes found in the Lower Volga region and Primorsky Krai.

Depending on the place of residence, there are different types:

• Ussuri viper or seaside copperhead, common in the Far East;
• stony muzzle, living on screes and rocky shores of water bodies;
• water muzzle or fish eater, living in the southeastern United States;
• copperhead, the second name is moccassin, lives in the territories of eastern North America.

There are other, morphologically similar species. All relatives have a lot in common. The venom of viper snakes is not fatal to humans, but caution should be exercised when encountering them. Cottonmouth bites very painful, causing profuse hemorrhages of internal organs and at the bite sites.

Neurotoxins also affect the nervous and respiratory systems. Poisons are especially dangerous for weakened people, children or animals. With a successful outcome, the condition after the bite improves to recovery within a week.

Character and lifestyle of the copperhead

Snakes do not show aggression unless there is no way to retreat. Frequent encounters occur with unlucky tourists who, in unfamiliar places, do not show caution and attention to the place of travel and can easily step on a snake. If the snake is ready to attack, then the tip of its tail vibrates.

In wildlife, the vipers themselves have someone to fear. There are frequent attacks by birds of prey: kites, owls, buzzards, white-tailed eagle, even crows, and besides them, they are not afraid of snakes.

Snake meat is a delicacy of oriental cuisine, so hunting for them has made humans the main enemy. In addition, snake venom and dried meat are used in pharmacology.

The activity of cottonmouths depends on the habitat, but more often occurs in spring and autumn in the daytime, and in summer - at dusk and at night. In the mountainous regions and the north of the habitat, daytime activity predominates, in the southern zones - nighttime activity.

In early spring, after leaving wintering grounds, the mating season begins until the fall, and subsequent settlement for the warm season in favorite places: among the rocks, at the foot of the slopes, crevices among the stones, cracks in the steep cliffs of the coasts.

Take cover copperhead viper maybe in rodent burrows, among rocky slopes, swampy vegetation, dense bushes. The common copperhead can often be found in abandoned settlements, ruins of old houses and cemeteries. Basking in the sun is a common daytime activity in early summer. Swimming in ponds also attracts snakes.

The search for prey begins in the late afternoon. Snakes often do not have to fight their victims. A sudden bite is enough, then the animal tries to run away, but the poison takes effect. Then the snake simply finds its dinner thanks to its ability to capture thermal radiation.

A heat-sensitive pit on the head suggests the path to the victim. Viper snakes begin to prepare for wintering in October. The joint aggregation of wintering individuals numbers up to 20 individuals. Hibernation lasts until climatic spring at 18-20°C.

Cottonmouth nutrition

The diet of copperheads includes all animals that the reptile can defeat and swallow. The size of the prey depends on the size of the snake itself and the region of its habitat. The so-called ecological plasticity allows them to spread widely and survive in various landscape zones.

Each copperhead has its own hunting territory, beyond which it does not go. Prey is identified by warmth, followed by a sudden and swift attack and bite.

Cottonmouth poison is fatal to animals, so all that remains is to feast on the prey. In most cases, rodents become the main source of food. In the steppe zone, the population of snakes is directly connected with vole colonies, and therefore does not leave their habitats due to food attachment.

In addition to field mice and shrews, birds nesting on the ground often become food for snakes. Eggs in the nest and hatched chicks become a delicacy. For copperheads living near water bodies, there will always be food frogs, lizards, toads, and even fish.

Feeding on smaller conspecifics is common. Young snakes feed on insects. Scorpions, spiders, and caterpillars are found in the stomachs. The hunting territory is approximately 100-150 m in diameter.

Reproduction and lifespan of the copperhead

After the mating season comes the time for the appearance of snake offspring. Viper snakes, including copperheads, are viviparous. Newborn cubs appear in translucent bags.

Thin walls do not prevent small cottonmouths from emerging into the world. One litter ranges from 2 to 14 babies. Living cubs completely repeat the color of their parents. Their size at birth is on average 15-20 cm, and their weight is 5-7 g.

At first, the cubs feed on insects and invertebrate creatures, later they switch to regular food. Sexual maturity occurs after the second or third winter, when the body length reaches approximately 40 cm.

Life expectancy on average ranges from 9 to 15 years; in captivity, the period may increase. Communication between a person and the copperhead can be safe if you do not create hopeless situations for the snake.

She will always give in and avoid an unnecessary meeting herself if you don’t take her by surprise. In wildlife, a person needs to remember that here he is in the territory of animal habitat and show himself with restraint and politeness.

VLADIVOSTOK, August 27 – RIA Novosti. Conflicts between snakes and humans in Primorye became more frequent in the second half of summer: three residents of the region went to the hospital the day before with bites from poisonous reptiles. Reptiles are found on wild beaches, cottages, forests and even in residential areas. A doctor and a snake catcher told RIA Novosti how serious this problem is for the region and what to do to avoid a snake attack.

Cottonmouth is dangerous for children

This summer, the toxicology department received quite a lot of people bitten by snakes; just the day before, three people were immediately admitted to the hospital, all with copperhead bites, Rodion Grishin, a clinical resident at the acute poisoning department of Vladivostok Clinical Hospital No. 2, told RIA Novosti.

“It is this poisonous snake that most often bites Primorye residents. People are less likely to be bitten by a viper. Serious consequences from attacks by these snakes occur mainly in children. A large dosage of poison for a small body weight, in the worst case, can lead to gangrene of the limb. However, such consequences are very rare,” - said the agency's interlocutor.

According to him, in case of a snake bite, you should immediately consult a doctor, and on the way to the hospital, you should apply a tourniquet above the bite site to prevent the spread of poison in the blood. You should also try to suck out the poison and, if possible, inject the area with an anesthetic and vasoconstrictor.

Not many snakes this year

This year there are not many snakes, but every year vacationers in nature make the same mistakes when meeting a reptile - they go into the forest in open shoes and pick up snakes - so the number of people admitted to the hospital does not decrease, Viktor, a well-known snake catcher in the region, told RIA Novosti Litvintsev.

“Since the beginning of the season, rescuers have received less than 100 calls; for comparison, in 2010 and 2011 there were over 250 calls during the season. The spring this year is cold, and there were few really hot days in the summer. So snakes are rare, the situation cannot be called serious. At the same time, the peak of snake activity in the region this year occurred at the beginning of August,” the source said.

According to him, snakes are most often found in the south of the region, however, encountering them in other areas is not excluded. They live in the forest, in the country, on the beaches. Snakes often crawl into residential areas.

“In total, 10 species of snakes live in Primorye. Among them is the rather dangerous Sakhalin viper, which lives in the north of the region. Three types of copperhead vipers are also poisonous: rocky, eastern and Ussuri. The painful consequences of a bite from these snakes go away in three to five weeks,” said Litvintsev.

He noted that he considers the mainland tiger snake to be the most dangerous snake in the region. It has a black and green striped back and a reddish forepart. This snake has two teeth with poison in its throat, and its bite is fatal in almost 100% of cases. However, it is quite rare.

Against snakes - boots and mop

Zmeelov clarified that there are also non-venomous, but aggressive snakes in the region, whose bite is very painful. In order not to get hurt when meeting a snake, you need to wear rubber boots with thick soles in the forest, but you don’t need to tuck your trousers into your shoes.

“The snake will not attack a person first, and if you step on it by accident, your boots will protect you. The common snake in Primorye can rise to a third of its length—20 centimeters—to strike, but this height is not enough to reach the unprotected part bodies," the source said.

According to him, you should never pick up a snake. In case of urgent need, for example, when she has crawled into the house, you can pick her up with a long object - a mop, a broom, and take her outside. But it’s better not to take risks and immediately call specialists by calling any on-duty service.

Primorye is the only place on Earth where glaciers have not reached, so here you can find those that existed even before the Ice Age. The same goes for its fauna. This region is unusually rich, it has everything: the ocean and mountains, minerals and medicinal plants, fast rivers and clear lakes full of fish, legendary caves and a huge green expanse of taiga, in which the black bear lives.

It is surprising that in such abundance the snakes of the Primorsky Territory are represented by only a few species, 3 of which are poisonous.

Primorsky Krai

Unfortunately, the modern city dweller is completely unsuited to life in nature, which he visits either at barbecues or while on vacation. Often people cannot simply distinguish a poplar from a birch.

By and large, each of us should know what the eyes see, feel and understand smells, follow a bird with our gaze, knowing its habits and habitats. But alas, general illiteracy and lack of basic curiosity separated people and nature forever.

And knowing, for example, what snakes are found in the Primorsky Territory is important if you go to the forest for a picnic, otherwise it could end badly. These places are inhabited by about a dozen reptiles, of which a person should avoid three - the Sakhalin viper, the oriental viper and the rocky viper.

There is one type of conditionally poisonous snake. Such reptiles do not pose a threat to life, but they can cause a lot of unpleasant sensations, therefore, when going into the forest, it is better to worry in advance about both a first aid kit with an antidote and knowledge about what dangerous snakes of the Primorsky Territory look like.

Eastern Cottonmouth

It is difficult to confuse this snake with any other, since it has a characteristic color in the form of black circles on the sides of the body, which connect along the back. The eastern cottonmouth has stripes from its mouth to its eyes, giving it a smiling appearance, but it is better not to trust it.

These snakes in the Primorsky Territory prefer damp places and bodies of water, as they are excellent swimmers and dive well. They can be found in water meadows, swamps and forests. There have been cases when, during migration, eastern cottonmouths swam across rivers and even small sea bays.

They have to overcome such dangers every year, as they look for suitable places for wintering. These snakes in the Primorsky Territory, like many others, prefer to sleep underground or in a shelter that does not freeze and is not subject to flooding by melt water, so they have to look for suitable caves or crevices in the mountains. Sometimes up to 2000 individuals gather in one place.

Quite often, the wintering place becomes the burrows of rodents located somewhere on a hill, whose hosts have been previously eaten by the copperheads.

These snakes feed not only on birds and mammals, but also on fish, frogs, and amphibians. The eastern cottonmouth uses poison in the same way as others in the Primorsky Territory. They do not attack people, and they try in every possible way to avoid them, so if you come across an eastern cottonmouth, just wait until it crawls by. A snake can be only 5-10 cm from a person’s leg and calmly crawl away if it feels that it is not in danger.

Rocky Cottonmouth

The way the Primorsky Territory is structured is that with their color they seem to warn a person: “Don’t come near, I’m dangerous!” So the stony muzzle is the owner of bright brown stripes, which are separated by light inserts.

The venom of these snakes, like that of others, causes 2 stages of deterioration in the bitten person:

• firstly, it is a powerful hemotoxin, which provokes thrombosis and hemorrhage;
• secondly, it is a neurotoxin that causes paralysis of the respiratory tract and the victim simply suffocates if he has not previously died from extensive necrosis.

The stony muzzle is most common in the mountains, namely in forest stone screes in Lazovsky and Sikhote-Alinsky. Often different species of snakes in the Primorsky Territory spend the winter in one place. This can be a deep depression or crevice at a depth of up to 4 meters, into which reptiles rush from all sides. In one such pit there are snakes, various species of copperheads, vipers, and grass snakes. They emerge from hibernation in April-May.

Sakhalin viper

This beautiful and small snake of a dark gray or brownish hue with a beautiful zigzag pattern along the body may even seem cute, but it is included in the category “The most dangerous snakes in the Primorsky Territory.” The venom of this viper has hemolytic properties, and if a person or even a large animal, such as a horse, is bitten, death occurs within half an hour from the incoagulability of the blood and numerous hemorrhages in the internal organs.

The Sakhalin viper prefers to settle along the banks of rivers and lakes, but it can be found in coastal rocks in the Sovetskaya Gavan area and on the border of the beach and forest, therefore, when relaxing on the river bank, for example, it is better not to walk barefoot in the thickets.

The snake never attacks first and avoids a person in every possible way, but if someone steps on it, it will, of course, respond with a bite. This snake feeds on lizards, small rodents and birds.

Tiger snake

There are conditionally poisonous snakes in the Primorsky Territory, whose bite will not kill a person or animal, but will cause a lot of unpleasant moments. The unusually beautiful brindle belongs to this category.

Its length of up to 1.1 meters already makes it noticeable, and in addition to this, the color of the snake's back varies from olive and greenish to sky blue with transverse black stripes or spots that give it a tiger-like appearance.

As this species of snake matures, it develops orange or reddish spots that further “color” its skin.

The bite of a tiger snake is not dangerous and you should be afraid of it if it turns its back to you. In case of threat, it raises its torso and turns its neck towards the enemy, on which there are glands that produce a caustic poisonous secretion, which is fatal for small mammals.

If this substance gets into a person’s open wound, the consequences can be very unpredictable - from severe poisoning to death with a weak heart.

Japanese already

This inconspicuous small snake up to half a meter in length prefers to settle in cedar-deciduous and small-leaved forests; less often it can be found in meadows, near berry bushes. It will not be easy to notice it in the grass and foliage. The skin color of the Japanese snake varies from a greenish tint to dark brown and chocolate.

It can be identified by a yellow stripe running from the mouth to the eyes. The snake's belly is olive or yellow. To find her, you will have to try hard, not only is she an excellent camouflage artist, but she also chooses the most secluded places to live - rotten stumps, fallen trees, stones.

The snake feeds mainly on earthworms, small frogs and mollusks. It is distinguished from the closest similar species of snakes by the absence of a pattern on the skin.

Amur snake

This snake can easily be called a movie star, since it is the Amur snake that replaces its dangerous and poisonous relatives in films of various categories. Its black color, which is interrupted by bright yellow stripes, gives it an exotic look, which is what directors take advantage of when filming the next scene with snakes attacking people.

Usually reptiles have a color that helps them blend into their surroundings, but the Amur snake with its bright stripes is unlikely to succeed, so many are surprised why it needs such an “extravagant outfit.”

In fact, this is his defense, since his enemies' eyes do not perceive his body as a single whole precisely because of these yellow broken lines that bend when the snake crawls. This gives her the advantage and time to escape.

The Amur snake is not at all afraid of people, and although its habitat is forests and meadows, it often settles in vegetable gardens and near houses, which greatly helps their inhabitants. Even cats are not as good at dealing with mice and small rodents as these snakes.

They define their habitat and leave it only if they are looking for a mate or a better place for wintering, but they always return to their territory after hibernation.

Patterned runner

A variety of these snakes in many countries is included in the category of pets and pets. And this is not surprising. The patterned snake quickly gets used to people and eats from hands, and its smooth skin, unlike other snakes, is very pleasant to the touch. They live in gardens and vineyards, climb trees beautifully, swim and dive.

Their color varies from a grayish back with black spots to a light gray and yellow shade with brownish spots. In the wild, they prefer mountain slopes, the edges of swamps, floodplains and alpine meadows.

They feed on everything they catch - from small mammals and birds to insects, fish and eggs. They first strangle their prey, as boa constrictors do, and swallow the eggs whole.

On average they live up to 9-10 years. These are the most frequently encountered snakes in the border region of Primorsky Krai.

Red-backed snake

This one is small because on its olive-colored back there are reddish spots with edging “lined up” in 4 rows. The red-backed snake loves water and always settles near bodies of water or in very damp lowlands and swamps. It hunts in the water, feeding mainly on small fish, frogs, and when lucky, birds and small rodents.

The surprising thing about this snake is that it is a viviparous reptile, which is rare. Small snakes appear in a shell resembling an egg, which they immediately tear open and begin to hunt. The young feed on earthworms and insects.

Safety regulations

If you are going outside and have little knowledge of the natural world around you, then the best advice in such a situation is to be vigilant and careful. If you see something crawling in the grass (the inhabitants of the Primorsky Territory can have completely different, sometimes even exotic colors), you should not scream or hit it with a stick.

Snakes are afraid and avoid people, and if a chance encounter does occur, you should let them crawl on their way.

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Ussuri copperhead - Agkistrodon ussuriensis(Emelianov, 1929)
(= Ancistrodon blomhoffii (Boie, 1826); Ancistrodon blomhoffii intermedius (Strauch, 1868); Ancistrodon halys intermedius (Strauch, 1868); Ancistrodon blomhoffii ussuriensis (Emelianov, 1929); Agkistrodon halys ussuriensis (Emelianov, 1929)

Appearance. Length the body reaches 650 mm, the tail length is 80 mm. Head large, the edge of the muzzle is slightly rounded. Intermaxillary shield barely noticeable from above. The length of the frontal shield is slightly greater than its width. The parietal scutes are very large, significantly exceeding the frontal scutes in length and width. Ventral scutes 145-166, subcaudal scutes - 37-51. 21 rows around the middle of the body scales.

Coloring. The top is brown, brownish or dark brown, almost black. On the sides of the ridge, on the sides of the body, immediately behind the head, there is a series of elliptical round spots, lighter inside and rounded by a dark ring. Sometimes a dark spot is noticeable in the middle of the ring. The elliptical rings on the back may merge. Along the border with the ventral scutes, from the head to the anus, there is a series of brown or black rhombic spots on the sides of the body. The belly is gray with small white spots in the front.

Spreading. It is found in the Far East everywhere in the Primorsky Territory, further north to the mouth of the Amur River and in the very south of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region; outside Russia in Manchuria and northern Korea. Until recently, it was considered in the scope of a polytypic species Agkistrodon blomhoffii(Boie, 1826), widespread in eastern Asia on the mainland and the Japanese islands.

Habitat. A very moisture-loving species. Inhabits river banks, swamps, and does not avoid rice fields. As a rule, it adheres to open spaces covered with grass or hazel and broom bushes. In forest areas of Sikhote-Alin, it usually sticks to forest edges and heated rocky screes on the slopes. Frequent on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. The mountains rise to 1300 m above sea level. Very often it lives on rocky screes and sandy-rocky sea beaches together with Agkistrodon saxatilis. In this regard, it is interesting to note that there are large differences in the diet of these snakes.

Activity. Swims well.

Poisonous snake, has paired tubular poisonous teeth on a very mobile maxillary bone. Like most viper snakes, the venom of copperhead snakes is dominated by enzymes - hemotoxins, which act on the hematopoietic system, causing hemorrhages, thrombosis and, ultimately, extensive necrosis. However, the venom of copperheads and their closest relatives, rattlesnakes, also contains a proportion of neurotoxins that act on the nervous system, causing paralysis of the respiratory center and other nerve nodes, i.e. In the action of the venom of these snakes, two phases are noted: the first is neurotoxic and the second is hemotoxic (typical of real viper snakes).

Reproduction. Mating occurs in April-May. In September - early October, females bring 4-11 cubs 150-180 mm long, which after the first moult begin to actively eat small frogs.

Nutrition. The Ussuri copperhead eats mainly frogs and very rarely small mammals. Eating of fish has been observed in swampy areas and river swamps.

Wintering. Wintering in October - early November. It often overwinters in wintering communities, like the stony muzzle. Exit from wintering from the end of March to the end of May.

Similar species. It differs from the stony muzzle in its smaller size, color, and fewer scales around the middle of the body. It differs from other snakes by the presence of a facial pit.

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Description

The Ussuri Copper Snake is the smallest species of Copper Snake living in the territory of the former Soviet Union - the body length of adult snakes usually does not exceed 650 mm (rarely more than 680 mm), the tail length is 80 mm. The head is large, the edge of the muzzle is slightly rounded. Around the middle of the body there are 21 rows of scales (instead of 23 - 25 in the common and stony, sympatric with the Ussuri). Ventral scutes - 145-166, subcaudal scutes - 37 - 51 pairs. Colored in dark tones - the upper side of the body is brown or brown of varying intensity, sometimes almost black. On the sides of the body, starting from the head, there is a row of elliptical or rounded dark spots with a light center and darker edges. In the middle of the back, the rings of opposite sides are often joined. Along the border with the ventral scutes there is a row of brown or black rhombic spots. The belly is gray, with small white spots in the front. The upper side of the head has a pattern and a characteristic dark postorbital stripe.

Spreading

Lifestyle

Prefers moist habitats in coniferous-deciduous forests of the Far East. It is not uncommon on the sea coast, it is often found along the banks of reservoirs, and does not avoid rice fields and villages where the copperhead is exterminated by local residents or snakes die under the wheels of cars. In its biology, the Ussuri muzzle is very similar to the stony muzzle, with which it often lives together on rocky screes and sandy-rocky sea beaches. In logging areas, this species is found much less frequently than the stony muzzle. In the Sikhote-Alin mountains, it lives along forest edges, in clearings, among bushes and on rocky mountain slopes, rising to a height of 1300 m above sea level. The Ussuri muzzle is a common snake in the main habitats, forming aggregations of 17 individuals in wintering areas (often wintering joints with the stony muzzle). Unlike the stony muzzle, its numbers in some places are still quite high.

Cottonmouths emerge from wintering shelters from the end of March to the end of May and stay close to them for 7 - 20 days, after which they disperse, but return to their wintering places in the fall. The active season ends in October - early November. In winter, the mortality rate of adult snakes is constantly 4 - 6%, and the highest mortality rate is observed in young individuals in the first and second winterings. The survival of young snakes depends on the temperature of the soil at a depth of 40 - 80 cm, where they winter. In joint wintering grounds, the stony muzzle dominates.

Mating occurs in April - May, and in September - early October, females give birth to 4 - 11 cubs with a length of 150-180 mm and a body weight of 4 - 6 g. Most females have a one-year breeding cycle. According to indirect evidence, in the north of Primorsky and, possibly, in the Khabarovsk Territory, this species (like the stony muzzle) may have a two-year breeding cycle. Cottonmouths reach sexual maturity at a body length of 400 mm, possibly after the third wintering. Newborn snakes have time to molt 5-6 times before leaving for the winter, with the first molt occurring after 6-7 hours, the second after 2-3 days.

The diet of the Ussuri muzzle, unlike other species, includes mainly frogs and rarely small mammals. But the composition of prey varies depending on the size of the snake, the location of a particular population, and the abundance of prey. It can eat fish and insects. This snake swims and dives well and is able to swim across the sea bay in the vicinity of Khasan station.

The Ussuri muzzle has many enemies: these are birds of prey (buzzard, white-tailed eagle, black kite), large-billed crow and jay, predatory mammals (badger, raccoon dog, weasel and harza). Cottonmouth meat in dried form is consumed by the Japanese and Koreans, and is also used to prepare medicines. In recent years, the snake, along with the Far Eastern frog, Far Eastern turtle and other Far Eastern species, has become the object of illegal export.

Notes

Until recently, it was considered as a subspecies of the eastern cottonmouth (Gloydius blomhoffii Boie, 1826), widespread in East Asia on the mainland and the Japanese Islands. Now it is often considered as an independent monotypic species. A stink bug bite is very painful for humans, but after 5-7 days there is complete recovery. Fatalities from the bite of this snake are almost unknown.

Literature

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