RBC: Sergei Rybakov will remain a senator. Sergei Rybakov: We need to explain to people that heritage is a resource for development. Don’t overdo it, Sergei Evgenievich

Senator from the Vladimir region Sergei Rybakov lost the primaries of United Russia before the elections to the regional legislative assembly, which will be held on September 9. The former assistant to the head of the presidential administration Sergei Ivanov, who previously ran for the post of regional governor, will most likely leave the upper house. According to the region, this is due to the weakening position of Ivanov, who now holds the post of special presidential representative on environmental issues, ecology and transport.

For the first time as a public politician, Rybakov appeared in the Vladimir region in the summer of 2012, a year before the gubernatorial elections, leaving the post of assistant to the head of the presidential administration Sergei Ivanov, whose person he is still considered to be. Let us note that Rybakov’s earlier career was closely connected with federal authorities: from 2008 to 2012 - assistant to the deputy head of the secretariat of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, from 2003 to 2008 - head of the information and public relations department of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, from 2001 From 2003 to 2003 he worked in the presidential administration.

In the Vladimir region, Rybakov took the post of chief federal inspector and immediately began to be perceived as the successor to the then communist governor Nikolai Vinogradov. The official tried to be active in public: he met with representatives of the local elite, toured the regions of the region, and positioned himself in the media. However, the population was skeptical about the appearance of the “Varangian”, whose rating and recognition after a few months left much to be desired.

As a result, Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Svetlana Orlova was appointed acting governor of the region, and Rybakov received a consolation prize - the seat of a senator. However, as they told Storm in the region, already being a representative of the upper house, deputy chairman of the committee on science, education and culture, Rybakov did not give up hope of replacing Orlova in this post, whose position was considered shaky.

Recently, there have been rumors in the region that Orlova might be dismissed. Local politicians drew attention to the fact that Vladimir Putin had not yet met with her and appointed her acting governor, which would have shown the local elites unequivocal support for the president. However, despite the fact that this never happened, Orlova was included in the list of United Russia candidates for the post of head of the subject. According to Storm, the nomination itself could take place in mid-June.

But Sergei Rybakov will apparently leave federal politics. Storm was unable to obtain a prompt comment from the senator himself on the topic of the primaries. According to his assistants, Rybakov is not in place now.

The head of the “Political Expert Group” Konstantin Kalachev believes that Rybakov became a victim of competition. “Despite the fact that Orlova is not an undisputed leader and does not enjoy unconditional support, she will fight to maintain her position in the region. Therefore, the situation with Rybakov is, first of all, the elimination of a potential competitor. Orlova understands that this may be her last term, so she is bending the situation to her advantage,” the expert argues.

The winners of the United Russia primaries turned out to be people unknown to the residents of Vladimir. A native of the Tver region, Vladimir Neustroev, and a native of the Rostov region, Ruslan Doroshenko. Local media called Doroshenko's result abnormally high - 323 votes - against the backdrop of very well-known party leaders in the city Dmitry Pavlov, Yulia Arsenina and Roman Alexandrov, who each had 7-8 votes.

According to Kalachev, these victories may be the result of agreements with Svetlana Orlova, who, in order to retain the post of governor, is ready to negotiate with all political forces. “Everything that is happening now in the Vladimir region is connected with Orlova’s struggle for survival,” the expert believes.

- “AiF-Vladimir”: To be a scientist-philosopher in our time... Sergei Evgenievich, in your opinion, what does this mean?

- Sergey Rybakov: Philosophy is a special thing. On the one hand, I would even say metascience, on the other hand, it is a broader concept, a separate form of thinking, therefore the concepts of “philosopher” and “scientist” are not synonymous. I have met people who do not have a philosophical education, but who became philosophers in the process of comprehending a certain truth. By the way, I myself had no intention of becoming a philosopher; I was always interested in history, in particular military history and the history of Ancient Rus'. While studying at the military-political school, he received two specialties - military-political and a civilian specialty - history and social studies teacher. In the process of historical research, the need arose to understand the mechanisms of ethnogenesis and ethnic processes. Problems of ethnicity and nations became the topic of my PhD dissertation and other scientific works in philosophy. I defended my doctoral dissertation at the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University. I was neither in graduate school nor in doctoral studies. Strange as it may seem for an official, he wrote himself - at home, in his free time from his main job, and enjoyed it. After all, when it’s interesting, then it works. So philosophy can be considered rather my hobby, passion, and a tool for determining methods for studying various social processes and phenomena.

- “AiF-Vladimir”: In 2000, you received an offer to teach at the Department of Social Philosophy of Moscow State University, which you combined with your main job until you moved to Vladimir. Do you regret having to give up teaching?

- S.R.: Yes, of course, because it brings pleasure, and there is a feeling of being in demand. Teaching philosophy is different from teaching any other science. Kant said that a teacher of philosophy should not teach philosophy, but philosophize. But the common understanding of philosophy as idle talk is absolutely wrong. This science requires constant employment and study of very specific things, including the history of philosophy. By the way, philosophy has one main difference from other sciences - the works of previous philosophers do not become outdated over time and form the foundation of science. Therefore, it is so important to enrich your memory with knowledge of the works of great philosophers and add your own observations and certain life experiences to them. I believe that philosophy requires a certain maturity from a person and whether it should be taught as a scientific discipline to students in all universities without exception is a controversial issue for me.

About philosophers

- “AiF-Vladimir”:How do you see the future of young scientists, in particular graduates of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University?

- S.R.: I asked my students which of them planned to become a philosopher after graduating from university. Usually I received a sad answer - only one or two people. Everyone else I understand why. Philosophy, as a humanitarian specialty, is not prestigious and poorly paid. There are practically no jobs on the labor market that are adequate for a liberal arts education. Unfortunately, a similar situation has developed not only at Moscow State University, but also at other universities in the country, including VlSU. In addition, we have to admit that philosophy has limited possibilities for practical application. There are two concepts - applied science and fundamental science, to which philosophy belongs precisely - in the part in which it is a science. Fundamental science, and even more so philosophy as a metascience, does not give instant results, but is the basis for the development of applied science. So I always told the students, “You're lucky. Here you get a wealth of knowledge that no other science can give you.”

- “AiF-Vladimir”: Your idol among philosophers is Immanuel Kant, right? Why is his philosophy of idealism attractive to you?

- S.R.: I don’t like the word “idol”... I consider Kant to be the pinnacle of classical philosophy. It is curious that he is the only philosopher who managed to write everything he had in mind during his life. I like the style of his work and I like him as a person. Kant's works are not easy to read, but they are fascinating. In an absolutely dry mathematical form, he was able to describe such problems, the depth of which is simply breathtaking! At the same time, the philosopher himself, this mental phenomenon, was not a “cracker”. He loved to gather noisy, cheerful companies, but he was distinguished by an incredible clarity of the rhythm of life. It is said that the residents of Königsberg, the city in which he was born and died, checked their watches by his steps during their regular walks. Everyone who is familiar with his biography will agree with me that the whole life of Immanuel Kant is a victory of the power of the spirit over the material and biological. And there is no need to talk about the relevance of this philosopher’s works, because his methodology largely underlies all modern philosophy.

- “AiF-Vladimir”:Are you thinking about continuing your scientific career?

- S.R.: I want to go back to history and write something, but... where can I find free time? Although I discovered this pattern: the busier you are at your main job, the faster you find free hours to write scientific papers. Time is what we put into it. If you compress your time, you won’t spend it in vain. In addition, besides philosophy, there are other hobbies.

About fellow countrymen

- “AiF-Vladimir”: Sergey Evgenievich, you are a native of the Vladimir region, but for a long time you lived outside of it. How did Vladimir and the people of Vladimir seem to you after a long absence?

- S.R.: In Vladimir I feel good, cozy, organic, as if I had never left. I did not plan to return to my homeland, it happened by accident. What is chance? This is a manifest need. They say that the residents of Vladimir and the region are different from the residents of other regions. And this is right, our country is huge, each region has its own mentality. I like my fellow Vladimir residents, it’s a shame that they don’t yet have everything they deserve.

- “AiF-Vladimir”:What do you see as the potential of the Vladimir region? Share your forecasts for the development of the region.

- S.R.: Sincerely, without false pathos, I can say that the region has great prospects, but its potential is not fully used. The Vladimir region has advantages in geographical location, as it is located in the very center of Russia. The population is not concentrated in the regional center, as in most other regions, while 80 percent of Vladimir residents are urban residents. Industrial enterprises are distributed among the cities of the region. These and other favorable factors, including natural resources and huge opportunities for the development of tourism business. The most important capital of the Vladimir land is our people, I am sincerely proud of them.

Sergei Evgenievich Rybakov is a member of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of Russia. Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Science, Education and Culture. Supervises the topic of legislation on cultural heritage in the upper house of parliament.

Doctor of philosophical science. In 1989 he graduated from the Leningrad Higher Military-Political Air Defense School named after. Yu.V.Andropova (specialty: teacher of history and social studies).

Before being elected to the Federation Council, he worked as first deputy governor of the Vladimir region. He was a deputy of the Legislative Assembly of the Vladimir Region of the sixth convocation. Previously worked in the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, and the Administration of the President of Russia.

- Sergey Evgenievich, on January 22, 2015, amendments to the 73rd federal law on cultural heritage came into force. There were more than 400 of them, so we can say that the law has changed significantly. Opinions about the updated version of the law vary. Marked positive changes, but they also sound about serious shortcomings. In particular, there is a lack of by-laws that, in fact, allow the new norms to be applied in practice. Tell us what work is going on in this direction.

After acceptance Law No. 315-FZ "On amendments to the Federal Law "On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation" and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation" we can actually talk about a “new edition” of 73-FZ. This law is the result of many years of work; there were even opinions that it would never be adopted at all. The bill appeared back in 2009. The authorship belongs to the deputies of the State Duma; representatives of the regions (in particular, Moscow, St. Petersburg) and the Ministry of Culture made their proposals.

It’s bad that the bill was submitted for consideration from the State Duma to the Federation Council without by-laws. Of course, this is a bad practice; from the very beginning it was obvious that at least two dozen additional regulatory documents would be needed. And these are just the top priority ones. As a result, the law came into force not only without them, but even without explanations for the regions, which created a lot of problems for local cultural heritage protection authorities. I believe that in such a situation the Ministry of Culture could prepare in advance official temporary clarifications on how heritage protection authorities should act in this or that case. This was not done in time. As a result, we again gathered at the Federation Council site - with deputies, employees of the Ministry of Culture, experts - and drew up a schedule for preparing the necessary by-laws. We hope that all gaps will be closed soon.

- But, of course, such shortcomings do not negate the significance of the new law as a whole.

I am convinced that the advantages of its adoption are much greater than the disadvantages of temporary shortcomings. 315-FZ contains many provisions that facilitate the process of protecting cultural heritage, long-awaited innovations, and finally, some norms were simply introduced within a reasonable framework. The law has solved many pressing problems, in particular with regard to the identification of cultural heritage objects - now this will be done without paid historical and cultural examination. I know the situation in the regions well. Let's say that the cultural heritage protection authority intends to include several historical buildings in the register. They come to the governor and say: it’s the right thing, but they need two million rubles for the examination. The governor, naturally, answers: there is no money. That's the whole conversation. That is, even with all the good intentions, it was extremely difficult to make the object a monument. Now the procedure is different. The decision to identify objects without examination is defined as one of the functions of heritage bodies, which has found wide support among specialists. The examination stage begins only when it comes to assigning a category to a monument in the register. This, of course, is only one of many points that are regulated by the new law. And I’ll tell you that my colleagues and I are now working on the following amendments.

- Will this be a big package again?

So far we are talking about two amendments. The first concerns the possibility of establishing a temporary 100-meter security zone around cultural heritage sites. As you know, developing a design for security zones usually takes a lot of time and costs money, which is often taken advantage of by unscrupulous individuals. Now we are thinking about how to prevent this.

The second set of amendments concerns historical settlements. This is generally a separate big topic. For a long time, in principle, there was no such legal concept as a historical settlement, it was just a figure of speech. There was no prescribed documentation or subject matter of protection. And much was lost, especially with regard to the environmental background buildings. But, say, for small historical cities this is especially noticeable. One or two houses will be covered with siding or sand-lime brick, rebuilt - and that’s it, the appearance of the street will be distorted.

So, using the example of 41 existing settlements of federal significance, it is necessary to create an effective mechanism for preserving the historical environment and managing such settlements. Now, for the first time, an entire package of documents with a prescribed subject of protection is being developed for them. We also need to return to the topic of the work of the Town Planning Code on the territory of historical settlements. For example, according to the City Code, the set of documents for development does not include a building design - and in this way it is possible to obtain a building permit and ignore the requirements of the heritage protection authorities. Such contradictions within the legislation must be eliminated.

The topic of restoration and development of historical settlements is now coming to the fore, especially in light of constant calls for the development of domestic tourism. And in addition to the legislative framework, this, of course, requires serious financial investments. Private investment is clearly not enough anymore. Are there any government programs in this regard?

Yes, just in time for the New Year competition for participation in the project “Preservation and development of small historical towns and settlements.”

This is a joint program between the Russian Federation and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), whose total budget is calculated at $200 million. Moreover, despite the tense international situation, this project lives on. Fortunately, all IBRD member countries have a clear understanding that cultural property is a common heritage and its value does not depend in any way on the political situation.

Until now, the Russian Federation has taken out several loans for cultural heritage, but this was the restoration of individual monuments: some went to the historical center of St. Petersburg, something to Torzhok. The project we are talking about now involves the creation and implementation of a program for the comprehensive revival of an entire spatial section of the city. The task here is to revive the space of a historical settlement in the image and likeness of European historical cities, starting from the restoration of individual monuments, ending with the laying of roads and communications.

This program is co-financed by the regions; other related programs of the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Construction are also intertwined here. That is, an integration project is being created on the basis of the IBRD project. This is a big move and a serious chance for the cities that won the competition.

- What about the timing?

The Bank has already implemented such projects, in particular, in Jordan and Morocco. And I must say, our situation is still better - both in terms of the preservation of heritage and the environment, and in terms of financing and approvals from government agencies. I am pleased that my native Gorokhovets, the city in which I was born and raised, was among the winners of the competition. A delegation of experts is already working there. And there is already certainty regarding the timing. Now the pre-design stage is underway, that is, an assessment of the scope and description of the work. This will last until sometime in the summer of 2015. Then an international agreement must be concluded. 2016-2017 - drafting a project. 2018-2020 – implementation, work, access to objects. But this, I think, will be the fastest of the entire procedure.

- Since we touched on Gorokhovets, let’s use his example to take a closer look at what main directions the work will go in and why this city was chosen?

Yes, on the one hand, Gorokhovets is a fairly typical representative of small historical towns in Russia, on the other hand, it has bright individual features, thanks to which it was included in this program, and even earlier was included in the list of 41 historical settlements of federal significance. But it must be said that Gorokhovets has always been included in all lists. It couldn’t have been any other way. After all, there are a huge number of monuments, more than a hundred in the city center alone, of which more than 30 are of federal significance. And, by the way, now their number is growing, since this year the register in relation to Gorokhovets is being revised. But the point, of course, is not in quantity, but in quality. The city is unique in its “concentration” of 17th-century architecture, not only ecclesiastical, but also civil. In Gorokhovets there are not only 3 monasteries and ten churches of the 17th century (there are them in other places), but also 7 merchant chambers of that time. And since the city is small, the result is a compact building of the 17th century. Well, where else will you find this?

In addition, Gorokhovets has red brick architecture from the late 19th century and remarkable wooden architecture. There is also a special style - this is Gorokhovets Art Nouveau, which designates a unique rich wooden decor.

Gorokhovets carpenters were called “Yakushi”. And this word was even included in Dahl’s dictionary. Their fun is the famous Gorokhovets toy, rough with edges. And all because she was chopped with an ax. Without using any other tool.

Well, and finally, as for crafts, the district was famous for its boilermakers. They worked all over the country riveting steam boilers, bridges, and building ships. It is documented, for example, that Gorokhovo residents participated in the construction of the Black Sea armored fleet, as well as the first Russian railway bridge across the Volga, which had a record length for that time - 1483 meters. Shukhov collaborated with these same masters, so for me the famous tower on Shabolovka is a Gorokhovets work. Gorokhovets rivets hold up the ceilings of GUM and the trusses of the Kievsky railway station in Moscow. There is a legend that Gorokhovets rivets are even in the Eiffel Tower.

In general, Gorokhovets has something to show and boast about.

- In what condition did the IBRD delegation find the city?

As I already said, Gorokhovets has always been well known - both to specialists and non-specialists. But since the cities of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) and Dzerzhinsk were nearby, where defense enterprises were located, and in Gorokhovets itself there was a shipbuilding plant, the city was essentially closed. Foreigners were not taken there. Only Soviet tourists with trade union vouchers.

Nowadays, travelers visit Gorokhovets mostly on their own, passing through. There are a couple of hotels, a good hotel in the ski resort on Puzhalova Mountain. On average 60 thousand tourists per year.

The last restoration work took place in the late 1980s. Since then everything has slowly deteriorated. If religious buildings in Gorokhovets were restored at all, it was in deep Soviet times. Some kind of movement began in the 2000s, they began to rebuild houses, especially in the private sector. Environmental development, of course, suffered, which is quite typical for the Russian outback. So, on the one hand, the city is being destroyed, on the other hand, it has not turned into kitsch, it has retained patriarchy and authenticity, which is our task to save.

For Gorokhovets, the IBRD project can be especially effective. The city is small, and it turns out that not one, two or three blocks, but the entire center will fall under the program. There it is necessary to create a growth zone from which impulses for revival and development will flow further to other areas of the city.

In addition to the construction of infrastructure and the restoration itself, it is necessary to give the buildings some new function.

Of course, we are already working on this. There is an agreement to create a branch of the State Historical Museum in Gorokhovets; we are now looking for a building. It is planned to leave the House of Folk Art in the Shorins' house.

There will be an Art School in the Morozovs' house.

In the Polyakovs' house, which is now empty, it is planned to set up a Carpentry Center with exhibitions, master classes, etc. Many valuable historical houses that form the surrounding area are now residential and are in a dilapidated state, creating, among other things, serious everyday difficulties for residents. It is obvious that the problem of resettlement will also have to be solved.

The Federation Council and the Ministry of Culture agreed to create a pilot site in Gorokhovets for the implementation of both the IBRD project and other initiatives regarding small towns. Gorokhovets is the first city for which a complete set of historical documentation has been developed in accordance with the new legislation. The city became a platform for meetings of sections of the Federal Scientific and Methodological Council under the Ministry of Culture. That is, they discuss and make decisions for Gorokhovets, and then their experience is transferred to other small historical towns.

- How do local residents perceive this situation, are they informed that changes are expected in Gorokhovets?

The main problem is precisely to awaken the city residents themselves to activity, to overcome disbelief in change and apathy, which, unfortunately, are not uncommon today in the provinces.

The entire process of planned transformations and their future success depends on local residents. Now it is important to stop the outflow of people from Gorokhovets, to return those who left. Any programs begin to work the moment the population stops declining. It is impossible to create two different cities – one for tourists, the other for locals.

There is now a general understanding of how reforms should go. But in Russia there are few practical examples of their implementation. Gorokhovets has every chance of becoming a model. Local residents and authorities are already beginning to understand that their future is, first of all, in their own hands. People are trying.

- Of course, a lot depends on specific people and initiatives. And in the history of Gorokhovets there are many examples of this.

In 2018, Gorokhovets turns 850 years old; it is one of the oldest cities in the Vladimir region and all of Russia. And people who did a lot for the development of the city are still remembered here. All churches and monasteries are “named”, that is, built in the 17th century by merchants, whose names are still remembered in the city.

Later, already at the beginning of the 20th century, merchant Ivan Aleksandrovich Shorin built a shipbuilding plant here, which produced the largest tankers in Russia that transported Baku oil along the Volga.

Here in 1907, the largest oil barge at that time, Marfa-Posadnitsa, was built, the appearance of which is still considered a revolution in river shipbuilding. It was the first barge of the modern type and had enormous dimensions: length - 172 meters, width - 24 meters, side height - 3.85 meters. The scale is comparable to the Titanic.

Another famous name is the merchant Mikhail Fedorovich Sapozhnikov. He was born in Gorokhovets, lived in Kazan and Moscow, but never forgot his hometown. Just imagine the scope. He organized the People's Bank in the city - something like a mutual aid fund, a Fund for poor brides (from there they could take funds for a dowry free of charge), donated money to the city hospital, almshouse, church, water supply and all four educational institutions of the city (only the last the donation amounted to 3 city budgets).

Before the revolution, his portrait was in a place of honor in every educational institution. And we want to revive this tradition. Firstly, we will make a medal in his name and reward benefactors, and secondly, we will place memorial plaques on all the houses built with Sapozhnikov’s money. Believe it or not, they are all still standing!

It is clear that the revival of the city will not happen without cooperation with business. It will be necessary to create a system, establish a dialogue, and get people interested.

Yes you are right. Now, unfortunately, a system has been created that works to reject the heritage. For the authorities this is an extra headache and expense, for an entrepreneur it is a burden and an obstacle to profit, well, and there’s nothing to say about ordinary poor residents. When a retired grandmother in Gorokhovets suddenly finds out that her house is of architectural and historical value, she simply clutches her heart. For everyone, heritage means restrictions, difficulties, bureaucracy. And only one desire arises - to get rid of all this stuff as soon as possible.

Of course, the system should be not only prohibitive, but also encouraging. Public-private partnership mechanisms are needed. But the most difficult thing is to change the mentality, to explain to people that heritage is a resource for development. And here, nevertheless, much depends on the level of human culture.

And now we return to the beginning of our conversation.

The topics of heritage conservation and heritage legislation are at the intersection of several sectors: land code, architecture, urban planning, property issues, economics, science, if you like. This is not a purely cultural topic, although it is mainly dealt with by the Ministry of Culture. And precisely because the problem turns out to be so multi-component, it is not possible to solve all the problems at once, including creating an ideal comprehensive law. But nevertheless, a big step forward has already been made.

Interviewed by Evgenia Tvardovskaya

Who will become senator from the Vladimir region after the September elections still remains unclear. A couple of weeks ago, after the results of the United Russia primaries were announced, the media suggested that both current representatives of region-33 – Sergei Rybakov from the Legislative Assembly and Anton Belyakov from the governor – would leave the Federation Council. The first is the party in power, the second is about extending powers.

Yesterday, RBC published its forecast based on data from sources in the Federation Council. The publication suggested that 42 senators could be replaced after the elections. 17 members of the Federation Council will definitely leave; Belyakov’s name is also on the list of retirees.

There have been many reasons for the resignation of the Fair Russia leader. According to RBC interlocutors, the Kremlin has long wanted "cleanse the ranks of senators":

“Those who have long wanted to leave for health reasons or for some reason will be able to leave. Also, the authorities will be able to change those who have been annoying for a long time and whom they wanted to change, but there was no reason.”

Another expert called the departure of Anton Belyakov "expected". The federal government no longer seeks to legitimize regional elections through inter-party alliances. Let us remember that Anton Belyakov got into the Federation Council precisely because in 2013 he did not run for governor, but supported Svetlana Orlova and was registered as her confidant. But over five years in the upper house of parliament, Belyakov repeatedly spoke out against the official positive and jingoistic agenda of the Federation Council, which "annoyed" management. So in these elections, Svetlana Yuryevna is unlikely to stick with him. Although, given the nomination of journalist Maxim Shevchenko for governor, a new alliance is possible.

As for the other Vladimir senator, Sergei Rybakov, RBC unequivocally states that he will retain his seat after the autumn elections.

“Seven senators from regions in which elections will be held on a single voting day will retain their seats; there is no decision on the rest yet, RBC’s interlocutors noted.”

How Rybakov will get to the Federation Council is not specified. United Russia has not yet nominated candidates for elections to the Legislative Assembly, so Sergei Evgenievich may still be on the list, despite losing in the primaries. Or he will become Svetlana Orlova’s confidant in the gubernatorial campaign, because there were rumors that the current speaker of the regional parliament, Vladimir Kiselev, would go from the Legislative Assembly to the Federation Council. Whether this is so will become clear after the registration of the United Russia list and Orlova’s proxies for the September elections.